Research the challenges associated with payments across international borders and prepare a brief presentation of your findings. Do most e-commerce companies conduct business internationally? How do they protect themselves from repudiation? How do exchange rates impact online purchases? What about shipping charges? Summarize by describing the difficulties between a U. S. customer and an international customer who each make a purchase from a U. S. e-commerce merchant.

Explanation:

Yes most of the e-commerce business conducts international transactions. Now a days international business is on a boom in the e-commerce industry. People from one corner of theworld order products that are delivered to their home. These transactions are done by e-banking.

Assurance the sender of data is provided with proof of delivery and the recipient is provided withproof of the sender's identity, so neither can later deny having processed the data."Non-repudiation implies that one party of a transaction cannot deny having received atransaction nor can the other party deny having sent a transaction.Non-repudiation is a major issue in credit card transactions, on-line auctions and variousbusiness contracts. The best way to secure confidential applications such as credit cardtransactions is to use a convertible authenticated encryption (CAE) scheme simultaneouslysatisfying the properties of authenticity, confidentiality and non-repudiation. It allows the user toensure that the message has been sent and received by the correct person.

For example

: Electronic commerce uses technology such as digital signatures to establishauthenticity and non-repudiation.

The first challenge to international e-business is language. Companies who have taken the plunge into international e-commerce have found that simple steps such as adding a native language customer-service phone number can make sales in that country double. What holds many companies back is the price of developing a multilingual presence online. Web pages must be translated, which can cost 25 cents per word; and several different sites must be maintained, one for each country or language. It is also difficult to coordinate content and branding between the sites, and there are a myriad of business systems that must be either built or purchased. The cost of producing a Web site in another language can cost from $50,000 on up and large projects can run as much as $2 million per language, but the upside is that it can quickly turn foreign browsers into buyers.

Language differences aren't the only challenges: companies must be able to exchange financial information in a variety of currencies and account for currency fluctuations. Countries also use different formats for weights, measures, dates, telephone numbers, addresses, and other common information. Because of this an international customer might find a standard U.S. order form confusing.

management, tariffs, transportation, and cost of goods.) The cost of these systems may be too steep for most small e-tailers’ budgets.

Most world cultures, especially developing nations, don't rely on credit cards, which creates even more difficulty for international e-commerce. This is even the case in parts of Europe, Japan, Asia, South America and much of the Middle East. Europeans generally rely on debit cards, many of which can't be used for online transactions because their use requires a manual swipe. Forrester Research reports that few U.S. merchants offer debit/ invoice payment alternatives, while the majority of European merchants do.

Fraud is a huge issue for merchants going global. As noted in the text, unlike the offline world where banks often take on the cost of fraudulent credit-card transactions, online merchants are typically responsible for fraudulent charges. Higher shipping and tax costs, the lack of address verification systems, and the high incidence of fraud in many Eastern European and African nations add considerable risk to any global venture. Third-party payment gateways are incorporating fraud-protection systems, but these services may increase already high per-transaction pricing without really providing the necessary protections. Address-verification services work only for cardholders living within the United States, leaving foreign transactions unchecked and at risk. As fraud increased in sophistication in the last several years, many online firms shut down their international transaction operations.

As far as exchange rates are concerned, few online e-commerce Web sites offer any type of currency conversion from the native sales price. This makes it extremely difficult for international customers to assess the "true" purchase price of the item. Many times, they will not know until their credit card statement arrives to determine how much the item actually cost. For many customers, purchasing blindly in a foreign currency is a risk they won't undertake. Very few merchants have a default currency selection system that will display the sales prices in multiple currencies. Many countries also levy import fees on goods purchased from beyond their borders. The customer can only get an idea of the initial sales price of goods; and computing the additional tariffs requires extra, often done manually, steps that can substantially affect the

final purchase cost and the buyer's decision whether or not to complete the transaction.

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