For an output level below qe, the value of a unit to a buyer is the cost of a unit to a seller. suppose a firm that produces for this market is able to dump toxic chemicals into a river next to its factory, which poisons wildlife and harms the health of nearby residents, who have no business with the company. this scenario is characterized by , which is an example of .

The stock of grommet corporation, a u. s. company, is publicly traded, with no single shareholder owning more than 5 percent of its outstanding stock. grommet owns 95 percent of the outstanding stock of staple inc., also a u. s. company. staple owns 100 percent of the outstanding stock of clip corporation, a canadian company. grommet and clip each own 50 percent of the outstanding stock of fastener inc., a u. s. company. grommet and staple each own 50 percent of the outstanding stock of binder corporation, a u. s. company. which of these corporations form an affiliated group eligible to file a consolidated tax return?