In December 2019, Todd, a cash basis taxpayer, paid $1,200 fire insurance for the calendar year 2020 on a building he held for rental income. Todd deducted the $1,200 insurance premiums on his 2019tax return. He had $150,000 of taxable income that year. On June 30, 2020, he sold the building and, as a result, received a $500 refund on his fire insurance premiums. As a result of the above:

a. Todd should amend his 2019 return and claim $500 less insurance expense.
b. Todd should include the $500 in 2020 gross income in accordance with the claim of right doctrine.
c. Todd should add the $500 to his sales proceeds from the building.
d. Todd should include the $500 in 2020 gross income in accordance with the tax benefit rule.
e. None of these choices are correct.

Activity-based costing (abc) is not truly a cost collection mechanism as much as it is an inventory valuation method. the main purpose for implementing an activity-based cost system is to try to overcome some of the cost distortions that occur in traditional costing from product differences when there are variations in size and complexity. however, one of the disadvantages of utilizing abc is that the additional information gathering necessary to implement costing with that level of detail might be beyond the reach of some companies with resource or financial constraints. with this in mind, what kinds of industries or companies do you think would benefit most from using activity-based costing and why? in designing or modifying an accounting system to capture appropriate costs for abc, what considerations do you think would need to be made?