You notice that when customers have too many choices, they are less likely to make a decision about what to buy, so you tell all of your employees to bring out only three things at one time. In addition, you start to pay your employees a commission for every item that they sell.

This statement falls under Classical Management Theory

Explanation:

In this case, managers want to help customers in making their choices easy and simple for them. Yes, its very much true that too many choices create ambiguity, it becomes very hard for the customers to choose from overload of choices, that's the reason Apple only came with one phone model, iPhone. Furthermore, managers want employees to help customers, therefore, they have linked their motivation directly with the incentives and commissions, which directly falls under the classical management theory, which says that employees have certain economic and physical needs which they have to meet and fulfill. Moreover, classical management theory also helps us in the areas of leadership, specialization of labor, profits, and decision making. Here managers want to streamline their operations as well, which is also another feature of management theory.  

answer: d. characteristics of guests

explanation: it is directly related to the spending characteristics of attendees who fall into each of these categories: