Which of the following organizational characteristics may act as either a leadership substitute or a leadership neutralizer for both task-related and people-related leadership behaviors? a. ability, experience, training, and knowledge

b. unambiguous and routine tasks

c. cohesive work groups

d. spatial distance between supervisors and subordinates

e. individual needs for independence

Alandlord rented an art studio to an artist. under the terms of the signed, written, two-year lease, the artist agreed to pay the landlord $1,000 per month and to assume responsibility for all necessary repairs. after the first year of the lease, the artist assigned the balance of his lease to a sculptor. the landlord approved the sculptor as a tenant and accepted two rent payments from her, and then the landlord sold the building to an investor. the sculptor had made two payments to the investor when an electrical fire broke out in the studio, injuring the sculptor. the fire was caused by faulty wiring. the landlord was aware that there was a dangerous wiring problem when he leased the property to the artist. but when the landlord discovered how costly repairs would be, he decided it would be more profitable to sell the property than to repair it. the problem was not easily discoverable by anyone other than an expert electrician, and the landlord did not tell the artist, the sculptor, or the investor about the problem. the sculptor sues to recover damages for her injuries. from whom can the sculptor recover?

In william rathje's garbology project that focused on household waste, front door interviews found 15 percent of respondents saying that they consumed beer. the trash discard from the same area showed what percentage of household's consuming beer

Xinhong company is considering replacing one of its manufacturing machines. the machine has a book value of $39,000 and a remaining useful life of 5 years, at which time its salvage value will be zero. it has a current market value of $49,000. variable manufacturing costs are $33,300 per year for this machine. information on two alternative replacement machines follows. alternative a alternative b cost $ 115,000 $ 117,000 variable manufacturing costs per year 22,900 10,100 1. calculate the total change in net income if alternative a and b is adopted. 2. should xinhong keep or replace its manufacturing machine