Assume that in the short run a firm is producing 100 units of output, has average total costs of $200, and has average variable costs of $150. the firm's average fixed costs

a. $5,000
b. $500
c. $50
d. $0.5

Money aggregates identify whether each of the following examples belongs in m1 or m2. if an example belongs in both, be sure to check both boxes. example m1 m2 gilberto has a roll of quarters that he just withdrew from the bank to do laundry. lorenzo has $25,000 in a money market account. neha has $8,000 in a two-year certificate of deposit (cd).

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Consider two similar industries, portal crane manufacturing (pcm) and forklift manufacturing (flm). the pcm industry has exactly three incumbents with annual sales of $800 million, $200 million and $100 million, respectively. the flm industry has also exactly three incumbents, with annual sales of $500 million, $450 million and $400 million, respectively. which industry is more likely to experience a higher level of rivalry?