(a) how are bonds rated? (b) how are these rating to the investors?

a) Bond rating is done by evaluating and considering all the relevant internal as well as external factors associated with the financial status of a business.

b) Bond rating helps in analysing the risk associated with the bond by analyzing its credit quality and thus helps investors taking decisions related to their investments.

Explanation:

a) Bond-rating is the letter grading system that is used to indicate the quality of the credit-related to the bond of various organizations. Bond-rating is done by evaluating and considering all the relevant internal as well as external factors associated with the financial status of a business. Internal factors may include the financial strength of the organization. External factors may include various networks with interested investors and other government organizations and policies related to the same.

There are three important agencies that analyze the credit quality of a bond. These agencies are Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch rating Inc.

b) Bond-rating help in analyzing the risk associated with the bond by analyzing its credit quality and thus helps investors taking decisions related to their investments. It helps the investors to study the stability and quality of a bond. Hence, higher-rated bonds are considered to be more stable and appropriate for investment purposes.

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