Jayden, a calendar year taxpayer, paid $16,000 in medical expenses and sustained a $20,000 casualty loss in 2019 (the loss occurred in a federally declared disaster area). he expects $12,000 of the medical expenses and $14,000 of the casualty loss to be reimbursed by insurance companies in 2020. before considering any limitations on these deductions, how much can jayden include in determining his itemized deductions for 2019?

The common stock and debt of northern sludge are valued at $65 million and $35 million, respectively. investors currently require a return of 15.9% on the common stock and a return of 7.8% on the debt. if northern sludge issues an additional $14 million of common stock and uses this money to retire debt, what happens to the expected return on the stock? assume that the change in capital structure does not affect the interest rate on northern’s debt and that there are no taxes.