Total stockholders' equity represents :
a. a claim to specific assets contributed by the owners. b. the maximum amount that can be borrowed by the enterprise. c. a claim against a portion of the total assets of an enterprise. d. only the amount of earnings that have been retained in the business.

c. a claim against a portion of the total assets of an enterprise.

Explanation:

The statement of stockholder's equity comprises common stock, preferred stock, and retained earnings.  

The ending balance of retained earning = Beginning balance of retained earnings + net income - dividend paid

And, the ending balance of the common stock = Beginning balance of common stock + issued shares  

In this the accounting equation is used which is shown below:  

Total assets = Total liabilities + stockholder equity  

The debit and credit side of the balance sheet should always be equal and balanced. So, its claims against the portion of the total assets

being born in poverty would limit the people's chances, opportunities and benefits.

this happen because of several things, such as:

- poor people tend to gain less access to good education and nutrition. this mean that their chance to obtain high paying jobs would also be limited.

- poor people tend to socialize with other poor people while the rich tend to socialize with other rich people. this means that simply throguh their social circle, rich people would have more business opportunities compared to the poor people.

- rich people tend to have more capital in their disposal. this would benefit them in business since it is far easier for them to fund their business operation compared to poor people.

fractionally backed paper money

fiat money

paper money

metallic money