1. an engineer receives orders from and reports to both his department manager as well as project manager. this violates fayol's principle of:

a. centralization.
b. unity of command.
c. unity of direction.
d. division of labor.
e. esprit de corps.

2. the power to hold workers accountable for their actions and to make decisions about the use of organizational resources is known as:

a. initiative.
b. synergy.
c. authority.
d. esprit de corps.
e. entropy.

1. B, Unity of command

2. C, Authority

Explanation:

1. According to Fayol's principle of unity of command, he stated that "“As soon as two superiors impose their authority over the same person or department, uneasiness makes itself felt".

This principle means that just one superior is enough to command a person or department which could lead to clash of command amongst other things and could bring about uneasiness which in turn reduces the output of the person or group.

2. When a worker is being held accountable for his/her actioons, it is done by a superior who has the AUTHORITY to do so. Workers on the same level or in different departents can't make a fellow employer accountable to him/her. Only a superior has that authourity.

I hope this helps.

the correct answer is economics is a game without winners or losers.

unlike sports or games economic is a game without losers or winner rather it is a game where everyone wins. parties of business doing businesses exchange money with each other and hence exchange is done on the basis of goods. one party takes the goods and other sales it so there is winner on both sides. each party values more highly the good it gets than the good it gives up. both sides exchange only because both intend to increase their value. so there is no concept of lose or win.

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