What is the difference between direct and indirect competition?

Direct competitors offer similar producst, Indirect competitors offer substitutes

Explanation:

Direct competition is when a business and its rivals provides similar goods or services and target the same clients. Since direct competitors offer the same products and services, they compete on other aspects such as price, quality, and service. Examples, two bakeries that produce bread and pastries are direct competitors.  Gas stations adjacent to each other are direct competitors as they both sell the same products. The same can be said of two companies providing internet services in the same town.

Indirect competition involves competing for the same customers in the same market but with slightly different products.  The goods and services offered by indirect competitors are similar or substitutes. Indirect competitors offer solutions to customers with similar needs. A fast-food shop and a restaurant are indirect competition. A customer who needs to eat may choose between having a snack or a meal from only one of two.   A bus company and taxi providers are indirect competitors.

in terms of experimental research, mcdonald’s charging different prices in the two cities relates to

answer: marginal utility of the fourth brownie is 0.

explanation: marginal utility is the addtional utility gained from the consumption of one more unit of a good. it is given by,

so, marginal utility at the 4th unit will be given by

since, the values are not given here, you can simply find marginal utility at fourth unit by subtracting total utility at 3rd unit from total utility at 4th unit.