Which of the following statements best differentiates formative evaluation from summative evaluation?
a. formative evaluation mainly involves collecting quantitative data, whereas summative evaluation involves collecting qualitative data.
b. formative evaluation takes place on the completion of training, whereas summative evaluation takes place during program design and development.
c. formative evaluation focuses on how to make a training program better, whereas summative evaluation to determine the extent to which trainees have changed after training.
d. formative evaluation includes measuring the monetary benefits that a company receives from a training program, whereas summative evaluation measures beliefs and opinions of the trainees.

The hawthorne works was a large western electric factory with 45,000 employees. during the 1920s and 1930s, hawthorne works was the site of some well-known industrial studies. in one of the studies, researchers investigated the impact of different working conditions on worker productivity. prior to the start of the study, researchers secretly measured workers' productivity for several weeks. then researchers chose two workers, who then chose their own teams. the teams were separated from the general workforce and completed their work in different experiment rooms where the researchers could observe them more easily. over a 5-year period researchers manipulated the structure of the workday for each team (number and duration of breaks and number of hours per shift). for each of these changes in working conditions, the researchers measured the effect on productivity. for some conditions, such as frequent short breaks, workers rebelled by intentionally decreasing productivity. why did the researchers secretly measure the workers' productivity before creating the two treatment groups? a, to create similar treatment groups so that a cause-and-effect relationship could be establishedb, to draw conclusions about the productivity of all workers in the plant based on the test groupsc, to directly control for confounding variablesd, to provide a baseline for measuring worker productivity

The link between volume of production and the cost of building manufacturing operations is particularly important in industries characterized byanswers: process innovations. product manufacturing. product innovation. process manufacturing.

Which represents a surplus in the market? a market price equals equilibrium price. b quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. c market price is less than equilibrium price. d quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.