Which of the following statements is false? a. like johnson & johnson (jnj), nearly all of the 30 dow jones industrial companies were forced to reduce their dividends per share in 2009 and again in 2010 due to the great recession. b. apple paid its first dividend to common shareholders in 2012, and berkshire hathaway has not yet paid dividends to common shareholders. c. the dividend yield on the s& p500 has been approximately 2% in recent decades, and tends to be lower when prices rise. d. share repurchases have become more common over the past half century, and over the same period, the dividend yield has trended downward.

Activity-based costing (abc) is not truly a cost collection mechanism as much as it is an inventory valuation method. the main purpose for implementing an activity-based cost system is to try to overcome some of the cost distortions that occur in traditional costing from product differences when there are variations in size and complexity. however, one of the disadvantages of utilizing abc is that the additional information gathering necessary to implement costing with that level of detail might be beyond the reach of some companies with resource or financial constraints. with this in mind, what kinds of industries or companies do you think would benefit most from using activity-based costing and why? in designing or modifying an accounting system to capture appropriate costs for abc, what considerations do you think would need to be made?