Which of these is a definition for an emergent strategy making process? a. a process that leaves strategies up to chance and happenstance, waiting for technological discoveries, acquisition opportunities, and changes in the industry environment to drive action b. strategies that evolve as the unplanned responses to unforeseen circumstances, arising from autonomous action by individual managers, serendipitous events, and changed circumstances c. a strategy process that utilizes "what-if" scenarios to arrive at a company's corporate strategy, including multiple views of the company's future state d. planning that relies on rules of thumb and cognitive biases to define strategies that will be successful despite a competitive industry environment

Costco wholesale corporation operates membership warehouses selling food, appliances, consumer electronics, apparel and other household goods at 471 locations across the u. s. as well as in canada, mexico and puerto rico. as of its fiscal year-end 2005, costco had approximately 21.2 million members. selected fiscal-year information from the company's balance sheets follows. ($ millions). selected balance sheet data 2005 2004 merchandise inventories $4,015 $3,644 deferred membership income (liability) 501 454 (a) during fiscal 2005, costco collected $1,120 cash for membership fees. use the financial statement effectstemplate to record the cash collected for membership fees. (b) in 2005, costco recorded $46,347 million in merchandise costs (that is, cost of goods sold). record thistransaction in the financial statement effects template. (c) determine the value of merchandise that costco purchased during fiscal-year 2005. use the financial statementeffects template to record these merchandise purchases. assume all of costco's purchases are on credit.