All of the following are characteristics of game theory except
a. rules that determine what actions are allowable.
b. strategies that players employ to attain their objectives.
c. payoffs that are the results of the interaction among players' strategies.
d. independence among players.

Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Garcia industries has sales of $200,000 and accounts receivable of $18,500, and it gives its customers 25 days to pay. the industry average dso is 27 days, based on a 365-day year. if the company changes its credit and collection policy sufficiently to cause its dso to fall to the industry average, and if it earns 8.0% on any cash freed-up by this change, how would that affect its net income, assuming other things are held constant? a. $241.45b. $254.16c. $267.54d. $281.62e. $296.44