For each of the following inventory errors occurring in 2018. determine the effect of the error on 2018’s cost of goods sold, net income, and retained earnings. assume that the error is not discovered until 2019 and that a periodic inventory system is used. ignore income taxes. u = understated o = overstated ne = no effect cost of net retained goods sold income earnings 1. overstatement of ending inventory u o o 2. overstatement of purchases 3. understatement of beginning inventory 4. freight-in charges are understated 5. understatement of ending inventory 6. understatement of purchases 7. overstatement of beginning inventory 8. understatement of purchases and understatement of ending inventory, by the same amount

9. tax types: taxes are classified based on whether they are applied directly to income, called direct taxes, or to some other measurable performance characteristic of the firm, called indirect taxes. identify each of the following as a “direct tax,” an “indirect tax,” or something else: a. corporate income tax paid by a japanese subsidiary on its operating income b. royalties paid to saudi arabia for oil extracted and shipped to world markets c. interest received by a u. s. parent on bank deposits held in london d. interest received by a u. s. parent on a loan to a subsidiary in mexico e. principal repayment received by u. s. parent from belgium on a loan to a wholly owned subsidiary in belgium f. excise tax paid on cigarettes manufactured and sold within the united states g. property taxes paid on the corporate headquarters building in seattle h. a direct contribution to the international committee of the red cross for refugee relief i. deferred income tax, shown as a deduction on the u. s. parent’s consolidated income tax j. withholding taxes withheld by germany on dividends paid to a united kingdom parent corporation