Suppose that the u. s. government determines that cigarette smoking creates social costs not reflected in the current market price and equilibrium quantity of cigarettes. a study has recommended that the government can correct for the externality effect of cigarette consumption by paying farmers not to plant tobacco used to manufacture cigarettes. it also recommends raising the funds to make these payments by increasing taxes on cigarettes. these actions by the government lead to all the following outcomes, except
a leftward shift of the supply curve of tobacco
a leftward shift of the supply curve of cigarettes
an increase in the negative externality caused by cigarette smoking
a reduction in the negative externality caused by cigarette smoking

Exercise 4-9presented below is information related to martinez corp. for the year 2017.net sales $1,399,500 write-off of inventory due to obsolescence $80,440cost of goods sold 788,200 depreciation expense omitted by accident in 2016 43,600selling expenses 65,800 casualty loss 53,900administrative expenses 53,500 cash dividends declared 43,300dividend revenue 22,100 retained earnings at december 31, 2016 1,042,400interest revenue 7,420 effective tax rate of 34% on all items exercise 4-9 presented below is information relateexercise 4-9 presented below is information relate prepare a multiple-step income statement for 2017. assume that 61,500 shares of common stock are outstanding. (round earnings per share to 2 decimal places, e. g. 1.49.)prepare a separate retained earnings statement for 2017. (list items that increase retained earnings first.)