Cartels are difficult to maintain because a. the monopoly output is very difficult to determine. b. the number of firms is always large. c. costs to the firms in a cartel are continually rising. d. each firm has an incentive to deviate from its agreed output level.

Crowding out is a phenomenon focused upon most by the macroeconomists of whereby a government deficit interest rates, which in turn private investment spending. this group also believed that fiscal policy is the only thing that can lower natural unemployment. is just as effective in countering recessions as monetary policy. can be used most of the time, but monetary policy becomes a better option when velocity is fluctuating. should be used only if the central bank follows a monetary policy rule. faces problematic lags in propagating changes throughout the economy.