Tim's tools, a manufacturer of cordless drills, began operations this year. during this year, the company produced 20,000 units and sold 18,000 units. at year-end, the company reported the following income statement using absorption costing: sales (18,000 × $30) $ 540,000 cost of goods sold (18,000 × $14) 252,000 gross margin $ 288,000 selling and administrative expenses 90,000 net income $ 198,000 production costs per unit total $14, which consists of $12.90 in variable production costs and $1.10 in fixed production costs (based on the 20,000 units produced). 60% of total selling and administrative expenses are variable. compute net income under variable costing. $307,800 $198,000 $195,800 $288,000 $220,000

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine