Tech solutions is a consulting firm that uses a job-order costing system. its direct materials consist of hardware and software that it purchases and installs on behalf of its clients. the firm’s direct labor includes salaries of consultants that work at the client’s job site, and its overhead consists of costs such as depreciation, utilities, and insurance related to the office headquarters as well as the office supplies that are consumed serving clients. tech solutions computes its predetermined overhead rate annually on the basis of direct labor-hours. at the beginning of the year, it estimated that 92,500 direct labor-hours would be required for the period’s estimated level of client service. the company also estimated $1,156,250 of fixed overhead cost for the coming period and variable overhead of $0.50 per direct labor-hour. the firm’s actual overhead cost for the year was $1,177,550 and its actual total direct labor was 97,750 hours. required: 1. compute the predetermined overhead rate. 2. during the year, tech solutions started and completed the xavier company engagement. the following information was available

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.