Which of the following is a product that is considered a commodity

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Suppose the government enacts a stimulus program composed of $600 billion of new government spending and $300 billion of tax cuts for an economy currently producing a gdp of $14 comma 000 billion. if all of the new spending occurs in the current year and the government expenditure multiplier is 1.5, the expenditure portion of the stimulus package will add nothing percentage points of extra growth to the economy. (round your response to two decimal places.)

Anita has been named ceo of a popular sports apparel company. as ceo, she is tasked with setting the firm's corporate strategy. which of the following decisions is anita most likely to makea) whether to pursue a differentiation or cost leadership strategy b) which customer segments to target c) how to achieve the highest levels of customer satisfaction d) what range of products the firm should offer