When a firm enjoys a competitive advantage, it attracts a significant amount of attention and its products or services can be at risk due to: direct imitation or substitution social complexity. causal ambiguity value erosion?

How would you cite different books by the same author on the works cited page? a. moore, jack h. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print. moore, jack h. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. b. moore, jack h. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print. –––. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. c. moore, jack h. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. moore, jack h. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print. d. moore, jack h. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. –––. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print.

What cylinder head operation is the technician performing in this figure?

Afirm's before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the interest rate that the firm must pay on debt. because interest is tax deductible, the relevant cost of debt used to calculate a firm's wacc is the cost of debt, rd (1 – t). the cost of debt is used in calculating the wacc because we are interested in maximizing the value of the firm's stock, and the stock price depends on cash flows. it is important to emphasize that the cost of debt is the interest rate on debt, not debt because our primary concern with the cost of capital is its use in capital budgeting decisions. the rate at which the firm has borrowed in the past is because we need to know the cost of capital. for these reasons, the on outstanding debt (which reflects current market conditions) is a better measure of the cost of debt than the . the on the company's -term debt is generally used to calculate the cost of debt because more often than not, the capital is being raised to fund -term projects. quantitative problem: 5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,600 face value and a 8% coupon, semiannual payment ($64 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $845.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? round your answer to 2 decimal places. do not round intermediate calcu