You go to the grocery store to buy a gallon of milk, expecting to pay $4.50 for it. once you get there, you discover it is on sale for $2.50. the extra $2 that you saved on the $4.50 you were willing to pay for it represents a. consumer surplus b. productive efficiency c. allocative efficiency d. producer surplus

A.

Consumer surplus is the benefit consumers enjoy from consuming a product, and is measured by the difference between what they would normally pay (expecting to pay) and what they actually pay. Thusly, the 2 dollar difference is your consumer surplus.

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.