When light is refracted, the degree of bending is determined in part by?

Refraction happens when there is a bending of path of a light wave as it passes across the boundary separating two media and the degree of bending is determined in part by the total change in velocity as the light passes from one medium to the other. In addition, the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes medium can result in a number of beautiful optical effects. 

carbohydrates: (starches and sugars) composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids: (fats, oils, and waxes) are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

nucleic acids: contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. they are polymers of nucleotides. a nucleotide has three parts, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate     (-po⬇️4) group, and a nitrogenous base.

proteins: made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they are polymers of amino acids.

from the original order (top to bottom) the new order will go

1 (founder)

4 (hawk)

2 (mutate)

3 (next generation)