Identify one way in which organisms maintain concentration gradients across membranes

Active transport by membrane pumps

Explanation:

Membrane pumps are the transmembrane proteins that span the membrane and are involved in the active transport of substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient using the energy. These membrane pumps have two binding regions. One binds to the substance to be transported and the other serves as a binding site for ATP. ATP serves as an energy source to trigger the conformational change in the membrane pump to facilitate the transport of the bound substance across the membrane.  

For example, the sodium-potassium pump in the membrane of neurons pumps to three sodium ions out of the axon and allows entry of two potassium ions into the cell. It serves to maintain the resting membrane potential with the outside of the membrane being positive as compared to the inside which is negative.  

for 8 am not sure maybe yes?

for 9 if it is asking if the male is more or less it would be less

hope i even just a little : )

geographic isolation