Plant needles are probably initially the result of a) adaptations for survival that some plants developed due to high temperatures on earth. b) somatic mutations that made some leaves thick and waxy, while other leaves did not change. c) neutral mutations to leaf tissue that would neither nor harm the plants living in such a harsh environment. d) a beneficial mutation that increased survival of certain plants that reproduced and passed the mutated gene to offspring.

answer; a male inherits only one allele of the x-linked gene controlling hair color;

answer;

a. sheep consumption efficiency would be reduced.

explanation;

-trophic efficiency is a measure of how much energy occurs at one level divided by the energy at the level immediately below it . trophic efficiency incorporates three types of efficiency:

-the proportion of available energy that is consumed (consumption efficiency).   it is the proportion of the available biomass that is ingested by consumers.

-the proportion of ingested food that is assimilated (assimilation efficiency).

-the proportion of assimilated food that goes into new consumer biomass (production efficiency).

-in this case, the grasshoppers would affect sheep by reducing the proportion of the available biomass that is ingested by the sheep.