Biology, 30.07.2019 11:30 hellenjones30p0kvtl

What is the difference between directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection? 25

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With stabilizing selection, the phenotype for a trait does not influence survival. Stabilizing selection reduces the amount of variation in a trait.
Disruptive selection increases the amount of variation in a trait. With stabilizing selection, extreme individuals have high biological fitness.

Answer from: rayisaiah3

Directional Selection
When the environment changes, populations will often undergo directional selection, which selects for phenotypes at one end of the spectrum of existing variation.
Stabilizing Selection
If natural selection favors an average phenotype by selecting against extreme variation, the population will undergo stabilizing selection. For example, in a population of mice that live in the woods, natural selection will tend to favor individuals that best blend in with the forest floor and are less likely to be spotted by predators. Assuming the ground is a fairly consistent shade of brown, those mice whose fur is most-closely matched to that color will most probably survive and reproduce, passing on their genes for their brown coat. Mice that carry alleles that make them slightly lighter or slightly darker will stand out against the ground and will more probably die from predation. As a result of this stabilizing selection, the population’s genetic variance will decrease.
Diversifying (or Disruptive) Selection
Sometimes natural selection can select for two or more distinct phenotypes that each have their advantages. In these cases, the intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than their extreme counterparts. Known as diversifying or disruptive selection, this is seen in many populations of animals that have multiple male mating strategies, such as lobsters. Large, dominant alpha males obtain mates by brute force, while small males can sneak in for furtive copulations with the females in an alpha male’s territory. In this case, both the alpha males and the “sneaking” males will be selected for, but medium-sized males, which cannot overtake the alpha males and are too big to sneak copulations, are selected against

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Answer from: Quest

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily disperse, but are more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed mechanisms for dispersal such as complex life cycles.

Answer from: Quest

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.

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What is the difference between directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection? 25...