Which of these vaccines must replicate to stimulate an immune response? hpv9. mmr. mcv4. tdap?

The answer is MMR. MMR is a t is usually known a childhood vaccination. The MMR vaccine is generally administered to children around the age of one year. all children, all susceptible people at high risk for disease, adults born in 1957 or later who have no been vaccinated w/ MMR (at least one dose).

MMR vaccines must replicate to stimulate an immune response

Live attenuated vaccine is a vaccine which are produced by weakening the virus or bacteria to reduce the likelihood that it can cause disease. The example of  live attenuated vaccine is MMR, Herpes Zoster, LAIV, Rotavirus, Varicella.  Live Attenuated Vaccines  are attenuated (weakened) form of the “wild” virus or bacterium, and it must be replicated to produce an immune response. The immune response is virtually identical to natural infection.

Whereas inactivated vaccines are produced by killing the virus or bacteria. They include polysaccharide vaccines, toxoids, or cellular vaccines. 9vHPV, MCV4, and Tdap are inactivated vaccines. Also HiB, HepA, HepB, inactivated poliovirus, meningococcal, pneumococcal, rabies, TIV are  inactivated vaccines. Inactivated Vaccines  are cannot be replicated, less affected by circulating antibody than live vaccines  and always require multiple doses.

The differences between live attenuated and inactivated vaccines is, live attenuated vaccines tend to produce more persistent, longer-lasting immunity. It is because live attenuated vaccines must replicate in order for the body to produce an immune response. Therefore MMR vaccines must replicate to stimulate an immune response.

Grade:  9

Subject:  biology

Chapter:  vaccines

Keywords:  vaccines, live attenuated vaccine

velocity and height

step 1: nitrogen fixation- conversion of atmospheric no₂ into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

step 2: nitrification-process of converting ammonia to nitrite or nitrate.

step 3: assimilation-plant roots absorb new form of nitrogen.

step 4: ammonification-conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia by bacteria involved in decomposition.

step 5: denitrification-bacteria turns the decomposed matter back into n₂o, which is released into atmosphere; repeat cycle.