All mutations may not be deleterious. few beneficial mutations will provide a basis for possible differential propagation of the variation, and so of the evolutionary process. b. evolution can occur without inherited variation for adaptive traits; therefore mutation does not contribute significantly to evolution. c. most mutations are deleterious and there is little evidence demonstrating mutations have contributed to the evolutionary process. d. most mutations are deleterious. to prevent diseases due to mutation humans product drugs which affect healthy cells and cause their evolution. e. actually all mutations are deleterious. an organism with fewer mutations survives in evolutioonary process.

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it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.