According to the center for disease control and prevention, is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the united states. it is estimated that 1 in 15 sexually active females aged between 14 and 19 years has this infection.

micro/nanoscale topography surface exhibits many prominent properties and is extensively employed in biomedical device, microfluidic device and energy device fabrication. additionally, the clinical applications of biomaterials can be largely expanded with of nanostructured surfaces.