Which of the following is not an essential characteristic of a keystone species a. a relatively low abundance compared to other species in the community b. removal of the species leads to a large change in the community c. direct integration through competition or predation with every other species in the community d. a high impact on the community relative states population size

The answer is c. direct integration through competition or predation with every other species in the community.keystone species refers to a type of species that give a large amount of support for the ecosystem around them due to it's protective nature and does not necessarily have to be active in predation processexamples of a keystone species is mangrove that prevents the land on the shore from abration.

2hydrogen and 1 covalent