The electrochemical gradient in a chloroplast can have a concentration of protons 1000 times greater on one side of a thylakoid membrane than the other. a. true b. false

The statement above is TRUE.
The electrochemical gradient in the chloroplast is a gradient of electrochemical potential of ions which move across the membrane of the chloroplast during the photosynthesis process. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane drives the ATP synthesis during photosynthesis.

It depends on the surface of the levels. the rougher the surface, the greater is the frictional force. for rougher surfaces, you would need to exert greater force to move the object. the concept is that, you must overcome the frictional force in order to bring the object into motion. this is the reason why we add lubricants to the joints so they could easily move. this answer was on