Which of these is a process during which the hydrosphere interacts with the geosphere? 1. solidification of water into ice 2. absorption of rainfall by soil. 3. evaporation of rainfall from puddles. 4. condensation of water vapor into water.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Homo heidelbergensis was a tall, muscular hunter, who used both tools and weapons. because h. heidelbergensis was not a gatherer/forager, but ate a varied diet including meat and fish, we would expect to see what anatomical changes?

When animals eat, the food is stored and digested in the stomach or a similar structure. but when a unicellular organism like this paramecium eats, the food is stored in which organelle