Living organisms evolved in a world where they were constrained by the laws of physics and chemistry. Describe the two laws of thermodynamics and explain how each law impacts the structure of an ecosystem's food chain as energy flows from one trophic (feeding) level to the next

The laws of thermodynamics are important unifying principles of biology. These principles govern the chemical processes (metabolism) in all biological organisms. The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It may change from one form to another, but the energy in a closed system remains constant.

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) to identify protein–protein interactions.