during secondary succession, which of these best describes why decomposing pioneer plants give way to larger, more complex plant species, such as hardwood trees?

Ascientist wants to determine the effect of a new type of gasoline. he fillsone car with normal gasoline and another identical car with the new gasoline. which is the control group? a. the new type of gasolineb. the car with the normal gasolinec. the car with the new gasolinethe amount of gasoline usedd. the amount of gasoline used

Is there any species that went extinct in recent years due to natural causes (not caused by human interaction). if so, what caused it?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).