1. What do we call the study of the earth and its structure?

Geology !

Explanation: (if needed)

The studies of Earth’s physical structure and substance, its history and the processes that act on it. People who work in this field are known as geologists. Planetary geology is the science of studying the same things about other planets. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth's materials, structures, processes, and organisms have changed over time. Geology involves methods and knowledge from biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

This study is called geology

Explanation:

Geology is a branch of Earth science concerned with both the liquid and solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon.

well, you see. the answer to your question is quite simple. the thing that is big, powerful, and over 9,000 is your mom.