How much brighter is Proxima Centauri than the Sun? (Astronomy just doesn't show up)

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic 

Science27 of the most iconic, jaw-dropping photos of the earth and the moon from spacedave mosher  oct 1, 2018, 11: 13 am etnasa/flickrapollo 11 astronauts took this photo of earth on july 20, 1969.from the ground, earth looks like a boundless fertile plain that beckons to be explored and exploited.but astronauts would beg -  and even plead  - to differ."you realize that people often say, 'i hope to go to heaven when i die,'" jim lovell, an astronaut who flew on the apollo 8 and apollo 13 missions to the moon, previously  told business insider. "in reality, if you think about it, you go to heaven when you're born."lovell has seen first-hand that we live on a tiny rock hopelessly lost in the void. he's also quick to tell you it's the only one we've got - a  fragile spaceship  for more than 7 billion people: "you arrive on a planet that has the proper mass, has the gravity to contain water and an atmosphere, which are the very essentials for life. and you arrive on this planet that's orbiting a star just at the right distance - not too far to be too cold, or too close to be too hot - and just at the right distance to absorb that star's energy and then, with that energy, cause life to evolve here in the first place. in reality, you know, god has really given us a stage, just looking at where we were around the moon, a stage on which we perform. and how that play turns out is up to us, i guess."humanity has recorded photos of earth from hundreds, thousands, millions, and even billions of miles away, some of them taken by lovell himself.these images not only scientists study our dynamic world, but also understand how a habitable planet looks from afar, which aids the search for  more worlds. most importantly, however, the images underscore our peculiar existence on  a mote of cosmic dust.take a moment to ponder 27 of the most arresting images of earth that humankind has ever captured from space.a