Scientists have been tracking the distribution of genetic variations within an elephant population over a period of 15 years. These variations alone can be used as evidence of different cognitive abilities.

different reproductive success.

different environmental factors.

different stress-related issues.

meteorologists would compare a new weather map with one 24 h old to see how fast a front is moving.

in 1859, charles darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. he defined natural selection as the "principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved".

ecological efficiency: % of usable energy transferred as

biomass from one trophic level to the next typical is 10% efficient (90% of

energy is lost),is diagramed as the pyramid of energy flow. then osprey eagle

are tertiary consumer and the shrimp are primary consumer, so to balance

mass of shrimp (1/0.1) / 0.1 = 100 kg