21. Determine to the movement of water given the solute concentration of a cell and the surrounding solution in plant and animal cells.
22. Distinguish between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions.
23. Describe the function of the following molecules regarding cell communication: ligand, second messenger IP3,
protein kinase, receptor tyrosine kinases, steroid hormone receptor and G protein linked receptor.
24. Explain how disrupting G protein linked receptor pathways is used to treat many human diseases. Explain how
paracrine signaling works.
25. Define “signal deactivation.”
26. Identify the most likely pathway for movement of an enzyme being secreted by a cell.
27. Describe a signal transduction pathway. Identify its parts.
28. Define “signal amplification” and explain how it is achieved.