During the early 20th century, wolves were wiped out from Yellowstone. However, in 1995, wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone. How did removing then reintroducing wolves affect the Yellowstone ecosystem? PLEASE HELP

When the intestine becomes infected with the food borne illness bacteria e. coli, the bacteria releases a enterotoxin that causes excessive loss of water and electrolytes in the intestines. necessary to return the osmolality of the intestines to normal?

Use this new information to determine the parents’ genotypes (indicated by red arrows). then calculate the probabilities that the second male offspring will have each condition. drag one pink label to each pink target and one blue label to each blue target. then use the white labels to answer questions 1 and 2. labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.