The thermal death time in an autoclave at 121oC for a microbial culture was thirteen minutes. The thermal death time for another sample of the same culture in a hot-air oven at 121oC was twenty-one minutes. Use your knowledge of what thermal death time measures to identify which method of heating was more effective against this microbial culture.

With the description of the different cell walls, membranes, and associated proteins set in the students' minds, you now need to introduce them to the idea that the cell wall can also act as a foundation to build things upon. bacterial appendages require a strong foundation that will offer the support needed to move and function in a dynamic world. for example, flagella are long, whiplike protein structures that are used by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for locomotion. in order to function effectively, a flagellum must be firmly anchored to the cell wall. how will you be able to get across the idea that the peptidoglycan cell wall is strong enough to support such a mechanism? with a protein rod that passes through the cell wall and protein rings used to anchor it in the membranes, these basal bodies are the rudimentary biological motors that use atp power to spin the hook and the flagella attached to it. bacterial flagella have a biological motor that spins within the cell wall and is powered by atp. this allows the flagella to spin in a whiplike motion to propel the bacterium.

Which promotes sustainability? o a. using more landfills o b. finding new sources of coal o c. increasing consumption o d. encouraging recycling programs

What did nikola tesla invent that influence our way of living?