In the ancestry of Victoria and Albert there was no history of hemophilia, so it is unlikely that the mutation was in the royal family before Victoria. Which do you think is the most likely explanation for this from the scenarios below? Explain your reasoning. a. Spontaneous Mutation: The egg or sperm that produced Victoria has a newly mutated gene for hemophilia, making her a carrier.
b. Infidelity: Victoria is the product of infidelity between her mother and an unknown hemophiliac male, making her a carrier.

The dna in a cell’s nucleus encodes proteins that are eventually targeted to every membrane and compartment in the cell, as well as proteins that are targeted for secretion from the cell. for example, consider these two proteins: phosphofructokinase (pfk) is an enzyme that functions in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. insulin, a protein that regulates blood sugar levels, is secreted from specialized pancreatic cells. assume that you can track the cellular locations of these two proteins from the time that translation is complete until the proteins reach their final destinations. for each protein, identify its targeting pathway: the sequence of cellular locations in which the protein is found from when translation is complete until it reaches its final (functional) destination. (note that if an organelle is listed in a pathway, the location implied is inside the organelle, not in the membrane that surrounds the organelle.)

The human genome project is devoted to mapping the general dna sequence of our species. this could lead to the development of new medicines, as well as the possibility of using gene therapy to treat certain diseases. however, there are some ethical issues surrounding the mapping of individual genomes. one concern is a) that your genes may change over time, making the project useless. b) that insurance companies could discriminate based on genetic make-up. c) that since this has never been done before, we should probably not do it now. d) that sequencing our individual genomes is so expensive, it is a counter-productive strategy.

You are observing different types of cells in your science lab. one cell has many chloroplasts. what is the most likely function of this cell? a. energy production b. photosynthesis c. reproduction d. digestion