Male pied kingfishers rarely produce young in their first year as adults. Some young males, called primary helpers, aid their parents in raising a brood of chicks. Primary helpers increase their parents' fitness by 1.8 chicks. Because a parent is commonly replaced by a stepparent, the coefficient of relatedness, ,r, between the primary helpers and the chicks equals 0.32. Secondary helpers help an unrelated set of parents raise a brood of chicks and increase these parents' fitness by 1.3 chicks. The coefficient of relatedness between the secondary helpers and the chicks they help raise is 0. Delayers are males that don't help raise any chicks in their first adult year. During their second adult year, primary helpers, secondary helpers, and delayers have, on average, 2.5 chicks, but the survival rates, Psm, Psm, vary between these males. Primary helpers have a PsmPsm of 0.32, secondary helpers a PsmPsm of 0.67, and delayers a PsmPsmof 0.29.

Calculate the inclusive fitness of the primary helpers.

(me out over the last several centuries, scientists have made the following broad observations while investigating several branches of the life sciences: -the fossil record shows that different types of organisms have existed at different times in earth's history. -many organisms have similar body structures that seem to be adapted to different ways of living in their environment. -organisms of different species often share similarities in stages of embryonic development. -many species share genetic similarities, and almost all organisms use the same basic building blocks to construct proteins. -often, the extent of two species' similarities can be predicted from their geographic closeness to each other. -a great deal of change has been observed among species that have experienced strong selective pressures through many generations. scientists have carefully considered and rigorously tested the observations listed above. when scientists offer a of these observations, they are making 1.) testable explanation, deductive explanation 2.) scientific interference, scientific law