how scientists are able to determine climate information by just looking at tree rings? how does it work?

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

In general, characteristics that an organism survive and reproduce become more common over time. what mechanism of evolution causes this?

Cells are adapted to preform specific functions. which of the following terms refers to this capability?