Which type of organism can obtain energy directly from any of the other organisms in an ecosystem?

Heterotrophs

Explanations;

1. dermis

2. chemical

3. urine

4. viruses

5. antibodies

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.