Produce sperm and egg cells (option d)Make identical types of cells (option b)Cancer (Option c)Interphase (option b)10% (option a)46 chromosomes (option b)Prophase (option a)Metaphase (option b)Anaphase (option c)Spindle fibers (option b)Telophase (option d)Cytokinesis (option b)
Explanation:
There are two principal types of cells in the organism: Somatic diploid cells (2n) that reproduce by the process of mitosis, and germ cells that are diploid reproductive cells in charge of gamete production. Germ cells divide by mitosis and meiosis. Through the process of mitosis, they originate more sexual cells, but through the process of meiosis, they give place to haploid gametes, called sperm and egg cells, through the gametogenesis process.
Both somatic cells and germinal cells will end their cycle becoming two daughter cells with the same genetic dotation. Mitosis produces two daughter diploid cells (2n) from a diploid somatic cell (2n). During mitosis, the whole cell (23 chromosomes) first duplicates producing 46 chromosomes. Then the duplicated cell separates, producing two equal cells carrying 23 chromosomes each.
When we talk about the cell cycle, we refer to the interphase and the cell division (mitosis or meiosis).
The interphase occurs before mitosis and involves 90% of the cell cycle. The interphase is conformed of the G1, S, and G2 stages.
• During the G1 stage, it occurs a high intense biochemical activity. The cell duplicates its size, and the organelles and other molecules and cytoplasmatic structures also double. Some structures, such as microtubules and actin filaments, are synthesized from zero. The endoplasmic reticulum increases in size and produces a membrane for the Golgi complex and vacuoles, lysosomes, and vesicles. During this stage, the pair of centrioles separate, and each centriole duplicates. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate.
• During the S stage, the DNI replication process occurs. This is the only stage in which the DNI molecule replicates. The synthesis of histones and other associated proteins also occurs.
• G2 stage is the interphase last step. DNI molecule begins to slowly condensate. The centrioles duplication process completes. The spindle fibers get assembled.
Once the whole interphase is completed, mitosis occurs involving 10% of the cell cycle.
During mitosis, the original cell with duplicated material suffers division, originating two exact same daughter cells. Mitosis occurs in only one phase.
In the prophase, it occurs chromosomes condensation and nuclear membrane breaks. During the metaphase, fibers of the spindle drive chromosomes and take them to the cell equatorial plane, where they line up. Each chromatid joins with a microtubule of opposites poles, but sister chromatids are still together.In the Anaphase, enzymes are activated to break the bonds and separate the chromatids, which migrate to the opposite poles, helped by the single apparatus fibers.In telophase, the duplicated chromosomes are already in the corresponding poles, and the nuclear membrane forms again in each pole.Finally, occurs cytokinesis, which involves the invagination of the cell membrane and cytoplasmic division.
