1. Compact, complex animals have internal exchange surfaces that are extensively branched or folded, providing a large . 2. In the , nutrients are absorbed across the many fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine.
3. In the , oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the epithelial linings of sacs at the tips of tiny air tubes.
4. In the , wastes are removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes.
5. The transports materials between the exchange surfaces of other organ systems and body cells.
6. Body cells are bathed in , and exchange between body cells and the blood takes place through this fluid.

1.) Surface area

2.) Digestive system

3.) Respiratory system

4.) Urinary system

5.) Circulatory system

6.) Interstitial fluid

Explanation:

In higher complex animals, such as the vertebrates, the internal exchange surfaces are modified in such a way to facilitate the transfer of materials from cell to cell in the body. As animal size increases, diffusion distances increase and the ratio of surface area to volume drops. Larger organisms have had to evolve specialized systems that are made up of structures that provides a large surface area for internal exchange of materials. Examples of these systems include:

--> DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: The fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine provide a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients.

--> RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: This ends with a sac called the alveolar sac. The anatomical arrangement of capillaries and alveoli produces a very large surface area that is available for gas exchange.

--> URINARY SYSTEM: wastes are easily removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes.

--> CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: transports materials between the exchange surfaces of other organ systems and body cells. An example is seen in the relationship between the alveoli and the capillaries surrounding it.

For any exchange of materials to occur between cells the fluid known as the INTERSTITIAL FLUID which fills the intercellular spaces allows dissolved materials to be exchanged between body cells and the blood

d concave shape of wave rock

explanation:

the concave shape of wave rock is a very good evidence that supports the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering. if we talk about structure of   wave rock, studies have estimated that it is around 2.7 billion years old. it also serves as the foundation of evidence that it was the place where australian continent began to form.

how the structure of wave rock was created?

studies suggest that structure of wave rock was created when the surrounded area was started to weather due to which deposition of material started on the part of land which now contains wave rock.

the structure of wave rock is considered to be one of the best-known landforms in australia. at the height of around 15 cm, there can be found flared slopes which formulate the margins of hyden rock. it is now assumed by geologists that wave rock was created by subsurface water-induced weathering and not by glaciers, waves or wind.

due to deposition of material over the period of long time, the wave rock became tougher and tougher due to weathering from surrounding terrain. this makes it a physical evidence that supports   the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering.

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