Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells . (a) are created by the expression of a set of key genes in cells derived from adult tissues so that these cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types. (b) require a supply of donor egg cells, such as embryonic stem cells. (c) can differentiate into a greater variety of adult tissues than embryonic stem cells. (d) are created by nuclear transplantation.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

the glands which are associated with each description is given below:

burning fossil fouls really decrease the carbon in the atmosphere so b