Viruses cannot reproduce without a host, they do not need to excrete waste nor breathe, but they do die and they do evolve. scientists, however, do not consider viruses to be living things. why?
because living things must exhibit all characteristics of life to be considered living
because living things must be able to reproduce on their own
because living things must be able to excrete some form of waste
all of the above are true

I’m doing some practice exam questions for biology, and i’m not sure how to do these 3 parts to the question.

Approximately 90% of all cases of polycystic kidney disease are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. the disease is typically related to mutations to genes (pkd1 and pkd2). pkd genes can be found on chromosome 16. the disease occurs in approximately 1: 800 to 1: 1000 people. here is a hypothetical example. the dominant allele d will cause the development of pkd. the recessive allele is known as d. what genotypes would correspond to suffering from pkd? dd, dd what genotypes would correspond to being normal (not suffering from pkd)? dd consider that 1: 1,000 people have pkd in your population of 325million. consider that pkd is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. show you math for all of the following questions: what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is p? what is q? how many people in your population would have pkd?

What noticeable trend from this graph might be used to make a conclusion?