The hard flat plates of keratin that cover the tips of the fingers and toes are the:

These are commonly known as nails (fingernails and toenails).

I’m not exactly sure what your trying to ask, but if it’s how an organelle is similar to a body system or a part a nucleus is like a in function. but i don’t fully understand what you’re trying to ask

The soviet union beat the us to the first successful launch, with the october 4, 1957, orbiting of sputnik 1, and later beat the us to have the first human in earth orbit, yuri gagarin, on april 12, 1961. the "race" peaked with the july 20, 1969, us landing of the first humans on the moon with apollo 11